Today, at least 38 countries employ tactics of transnational repression in as many as 91 host states. In what can be called the “toolkit” of authoritarian control, the hydra-heads of transnational repression encompass tactics ranging from surveillance to harassment and intimidation, use of state media, assassinations, spyware, physical violence, abduction, rendition, forcible return, conspiracy, and collaboration with actors in the host country.
